CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS ON THE LEVEL OF MORPHOLOGY

1.   Morphological Process in English

            In English there are two kinds of morphological process;

A.    Affixation

B.    Replacement.

 In linguistics, affixation is the process of adding a morpheme (or affix) to a word to create either a different form of that word.

A.   AFFIXATION

There are two primary kinds of affixation,

1.    Prefixation

            A group of letters which is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change it meaning.

2.    Suffixation.

Suffixation is added to the end of an existing word.

            Suffixes are more dominant.A prefix is a group of letters which is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change it meaning.

1.    Prefixes

A short list of prefixes:

PREFIX	MEANING	EXAMPLES
de-	from, down, opposite, away reverse	decode, decrease
dis-	not, opposite, reverse away	disagree, disappear
ex-	out of, away from, lacking, former	exhale, explosion
il-	Not	Illegal
im-	not, without	impossible, improper
in-	not, without	Inaction
mis-	bad, wrong	mislead, misplace
non-	Not	nonfiction, nonsense
pre-	Before	prefix, prehistory
pro-	for, forward, before	Proactive
re-	again, back	react, reappear
un-	against, not, opposite	undo, unequal, unusual

2.    Suffix

A suffix can make a new word in one of two ways:

1. Inflectional Suffix.

            Inflectional suffix do not change the meaning of the original word.

            Example:  Everyday I walk to school.

                           Yesterday I walked to school.

            The words walk and walked have the same basic meaning. The suffix added simply for gramatical correctness.

A short list of inflectional suffixes

SUFFIX	GRAMATICAL CHANGE	EXAMPLE ORIGINAL WORD	EXAMPLE SUFFIX WORD
-s	Plural	Cat	Cats
-en	plural (irregular)	Ox	oxen
-ed	past tense past participle	Work	he worked
-ing	continues/progressive	Sleep	he is sleeping
-er	Comparative	Big	Bigger
-est	Superlative	Big	the biggest

2 .Derivational Suffix.

            With derivational suffix, the new word has a new meaning, and is usually a different part of speech. But the new meaning is related to the old meaning it is derived from the old meaning.

            We can add more than one suffix, as in this example:

derive (verb) + tion = derivation (noun) + al = derivational (adjective)

A short list of derivational suffixes

SUFFIX	MAKING	EXAMPLE ORIGINAL WORD	EXAMPLE SUFFIX WORD
-ation	Nouns	Explore	Exploration
-er		Teach	Teacher
-cian		Music	Musician
-ness		Sad	Sadness
-ment		Treat	Treatment
-al	Adjectives	Accident	Accidental
-able		Tax	Taxable
-ful		Forget	Forgetful
-ly	Adverbs	Helpful	helpfully
-ize	Verbs	Terror	terrorize
-ate		Hyphen	hyphenate

B.   Replacement

            Replacement is occur in nouns, verbs, and adjectives. It carries the same function as that of the inflections.

Example:

            stimulus                       stimuli

            datum                          data

            go                                went                            gone

            eat                               ate                               eaten

            little                              less                              least

            bad                              worse                          worst

2. Morphological Process In Indonesian

            In Indonesian, there are also two kinds of morphological process;

1.    Affixation

2.    Reduplication.

There is no inflection in Indonesian. All the affixes are derivational. These are the affixes in Indonesian:

Prefixes :

a.    me- (lukis  melukis; rasa  merasa; waris  mewarisi),

b.    ber- (asal  berasal; ubah berubah),

c.    ter- (injak  terinjak; usik  terusik; pukau  terpukau),

d.    di- (cari  dicari; kupas  dikupas),

e.    se- (orang  seorang; tangkai  setangkai),

f.     per- (hari  perhari), ke- (sana  kesana)

Infixes :

a.    -el- (tapak  telapak; sidik  selidik; tunjuk  telunjuk),

b.    -em- (gerlap  gemerlap; getar  gemetar; gilang  gemilang),

c.    -er- (gigi  gerigi; sabut  serabut; suling  seruling),

d.    -in- (kerja kinerja), -ah- (dulu  dahulu)

Suffixes :

a.    -i (jalan  jalani; awal  awali),

b.    -an (makan  makanan; minum  minuman),

c.    -kan (utama  utamakan)

Confixes :

a.    Ke-an (kaya  kekayaan; indah  keindahan; hebat  kehebatan)

b.    Pe-an (tampil  penampilan; mantap  pemantapan)

c.    Per-an (temu  pertemuan; lengkap perlengkapan)

Combination :

a.    Me + per  memper (daya memperdaya)

b.    Me + per - kan  memper – kan (laku  memperlakukan)

c.    Di + per – i  diper – i (baik  diperbaiki)

3.   Reduplication in English

            Reduplication is an important device to show plurality, which is in English shown by the plural suffixes. In English only nouns can be pluralized.

Some examples of reduplication in English  are:

·         Boogie woogie - a type of dance

·         Okey - dokey - means okay

·         Itsy - bitsy - like in the itsy bitsy spider

·         Hocus pocus - one of those words used in magic tricks

·         Lilly dally - to be carefree and relax ; to take it easy

·         Knick - knack - is a toy

·         Teeny weeny - is a word for small

·         Rock n' roll- is a type of music

·         Zig - zag - a line that goes in different directions

·         Chit - chat - small talk

·         Yada yada - word to say that something is repeated or keeps going on

·         Mumbo jumbo - is something that isn't important

·         Heebie - jeebies - a word to say that something was scary

·         Bling bling - fancy jewlery

4.   Reduplication in Indonesian

            Reduplication is an important device to show plurality, which is in English shown by the plural suffixes. In English only nouns can be pluralized. In Indonesian, not only nouns, but also adjectives and verbs can be reduplicated to show plurality.

            Examples ;

            Her houses are big      =         Rumah-rumahnya besar ( the noun ).

                                                            Rumahnya besar-besar ( the adjective ).

            He came here many times =  Dia datang-datang ke sini ( the verb ).

They are the number of words which are originally reduplicated.

Examples ;      kupu-kupu ‘a butterfly’

                                    Kura-kura ‘a turtle’

                                    Mata-mata ‘a spy’

           

In Indonesian, the number of affixes is limited, but each can go with a great number of different stems, which belong to different parts of speech.

            Examples;       me-(verb)        : menari, menyanyi, memakan, etc.

                                    me-(noun)       : meratap, mendamar, mengali, etc.

                                    pe-(verb)         : pesuruh, pengajar, penyanyi, etc.

                                    pe-(adj.)           : pemarah, pemalas, pengantuk, etc.

                                    ter-(adj.)          : terdalam, terendah, etc.

                                    ter-(verb)         : tercetak, terangkat, terpukul, etc.

5.   Part of Speech in English

            Part of speech is also known as word classes. The chart[i] below provides information about 8 part of speech in English grammar along with each basic function and is followed by examples;

PART OF SPEECH	BASIC FUNCTION	EXAMPLES
Noun	Names a person, place, or thing	pirate, Caribbean, ship
Pronoun	Takes the place of a noun	I, you, he, she, it, ours, them, who
Verb	Identifies action or state of being	sing, dance, believe, be
Adjective	Modifies a noun	hot, lazy, funny
Adverb	Modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb	softly, lazily, often
Preposition	Shows a relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words in a sentence	up, over, against, by, for
Conjunction	Joins words, phrases, and clauses	and, but, or, yet
Interjection	Expresses emotion	ah, whoops, ouch

6.   Part of Speech in Indonesian

            In Bahasa Indonesia, word classes refers to a group of words in a language that categorize by its form, function, and meaning in the grammatical system.

In Bahasa Indonesia, word classes are divided into seven categories[ii]:

a.    Kata benda (Noun)

Kata benda is name of person, place, and thing.

             Examples: rumah, beruang.

b.    Kata kerja (Verb)

Kata kerja  identifies action or dynamic sense.

             Examples: baca, lari.

Types of verbs:

-          Transitive verb (makan),

-          Intransitive verb (meninggal),

-          Pelengkap (berumah)

c.    Kata sifat (adjective)

Kata sifat is  word that modifies a noun.

            Example keras, cepat.

d.    Kata keterangan (adverb)

Kata keterangan is words that modifies verb or other adverb.

            Example: sekarang, agak..

e.    Kata ganti (pronoun)

Kata ganti is take a place of a noun.

            Example:ia, itu.

Type of pronoun:

-          First personal pronoun (kami),

-          Second personal pronoun (engkau),

-          Third personal pronoun (mereka),

-          Possessive pronoun (-nya),

-          Kata ganti penunjuk (ini, itu)

f.      Kata bilangan (numeric)

Kata bilangan is word which expresses the number of objects or things or indicate the order.

             Example:                    satu, kedua.

-          Cardinal number (duabelas),

-          Ordinal number (keduabelas)

g.    Kata tugas

            Kata tugas is the type of word that are different from words above and based on the roles in the sentences they have differentiated into five categories:

a.    Kata depan (preposition).

            Example: dari,

b.    Kata sambung (conjunction).

            Example: dan, karena,

c.    Kata sandang (article).

            Example: sang, si,

d.    Kata seru (interjection).

Example wow, wah,

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